Caracterización de familia hondureña afectada por neoplasia endócrina múltiple (NEM-2A), Instituto Nacional Cardiopulmonar, Tegucigalpa, Honduras / Characterization of Honduran family affected by Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN-2A), Instituto Nacional Cardio-Pulmonar, Tegucigalpa, Honduras

RESUMEN. Introducción . Las Neoplasias Endocrinas Múltiples (NEM) son síndromes clínicos autosómico-dominantes. Se maniies - tan por tumores benignos y malignos que involucran órganos endócrinos y no endócrinos. Incidencia de 1/30,000 personas. Objetivo : Caracterizar una familia hondureña cuyos miembros presentan tumores endócrinos, Instituto Nacional Cardio-Pulmonar (INCP), Tegu - cigalpa, 2017. Métodos . Estudio descriptivo longitudinal. Análisis de información clínica, epidemiológica y de laboratorio, consignada en expedientes clínicos (INCP) y brindada por pacientes, previo consentimiento informado. Conirmación de dos casos mediante estudios genéticos. Resultados . Familia de 9 hijos, procedente de Olancho. Madre falleció por Adenocarcinoma Pancreático; padre sin información. Hija3, caso índice, se le realizó Tiroidectomía Total por Cáncer Medular de Tiroides (CMT). Hijo2 no evaluado. Hija4 portadora asintomática de la mutación del proto-oncogén RET. Hija1 se realizó Tiroidectomía Proiláctica por Hiperplasia Folicular de Tiroides e Hiperplasia Linfática Benigna en nódulo post-auricular derecho. Hija7 se practicó Parotidectomía izquierda por Adenoma Pleomórico Benigno. Hijo5 fue diagnosticado con CMT multifocal. Hija9 se le hizo Tiroidectomía Total con linfadenectomía por CMT multifocal. Hijos 6 y 8, residentes en Estados Unidos de América, se les realizó Adrenalectomía por Feocromocitoma y Tiroidectomía Total por CMT multifocal, respectivamente. Además, se les realizaron pruebas genéticas y moleculares, cuyos resultados conirmaron la mutación en los exones 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 y 16 del proto-oncogén RET, del codón 634 con la sustitución del amino ácido cisteína por triptófano (Cys634Trp), conirmatorio de NEM-2A. Discusión . Constituye el primer trabajo publicado de esta patología en Honduras. Sugerimos la búsqueda epidemiológica de NEM en todo paciente diagnosticado con CMT.

Síndrome de zolinger - Elison / Syndrome of Zolinger - Elison

Resumen:El síndrome de Zollinger - Ellison es una endocrinopatía que fue descrita en 1955 por los doctores Robert Zollinger y Edwin Ellison, quienes propusieron la triada diagnóstica que incluye hipersecreción gástrica ácida, úlcera péptica y gastrinoma. Esta enfermedad predomina en mujeres entre los 50 y 60 años de edad. Según su etiología, este síndrome se clasifica en una forma esporádica o asociada a neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1 (NEM - 1).Más de la mitad de los gastrinomas se localizan en la pared duodenal, el páncreas es la segunda ubicación en frecuencia. Existen localizaciones ectópicas en ovario, mesenterio, hígado y ducto biliar. A nivel histopatológico se encuentran células tumorales redondas, con núcleos pequeños y nucléolos prominentes. La hipersecreción ácida gástrica está asociada a un defecto en la inhibición del retrocontrol negativo de la somatostatina sobre las células G antrales productoras de gastrina. Clínicamente, los pacientes manifiestan dolor abdominal, diarrea, pirosis, náuseas y vómitos; relacionados principalmente a la formación de úlceras pépticas. El diagnóstico debe incluir una medición en los niveles séricos de gastrina y valores de pH gástrico. El tratamiento de primera línea es la terapia antisecretora, principalmente con inhibidores de la bomba de protones. Los estudios de imágenes son deutilidad para detectar metástasis y evaluar la enfermedad quirúrgicamente resecable. Se debe hacer diagnóstico diferencial con otros tumores neuroendocrinos y causas de hipergastrinemia.

Abstract:Zollinger - Ellison syndrome is an endocrinopathy that was first described in 1955 by doctors Robert Zollinger and Edwin Ellison, who proposed the diagnostic triad that includes gastric acid hypersecretion, peptic ulcer and gastrinoma. This disease predominates in women between 50 and 60 years old. Based on the etiology, the syndrome is classified in sporadic or associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (NEM - 1). Over half of gastrinomas are located in the duodenal wall, the pancreas is the second frequency location. There are ectopic locations, such as ovary, mesentery, liver and bile duct. Round cells, small nuclei and prominent nucleoli, are the main hispathologycal characteristics. Gastric acid hypersecretion is associated with a defect in the negative feedback inhibition of somatostatin on G antral gastrin-producing cells. Clinically, patients present abdominal pain, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea and vomiting; primarily related to the development of peptic ulcers. Diagnosis includes a measurement in serum gastrin levels and gastric pH values. The first line treatment is the antisecretory therapy, primarily proton-pump inhibitor. Imaging studies are useful to detect metastases and evaluate the surgically resectable disease. Neuroendocrine tumors and hypergastrinemia causes are the main differential diagnoses, the clinician should consider.

Complexo de Carney esporádico com tumor testicular e mixoma atrial: relato de caso / Sporadic Carney complex with testicular tumor and atrial myxoma: case report

O complexo de Carney é uma rara forma de neoplasia endócrina múltipla familial autossômica dominante. Está associado à alteração de pigmentação cutânea e mucosa, doença nodular adrenal pigmentosa primária, mixomas cardíacos e cutâneos, adenomas hipofisários funcionantes, neoplasia testicular, adenoma ou carcinoma de tireoide, além de cistos ovarianos. Aproximadamente 70% dos indivíduos diagnosticados com complexo de Carney têm pais afetados, e 30% apresentam forma esporádica. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de complexo de Carney esporádico por mixoma cardíaco e tumor testicular. Ressalta-se a importância do caso por sua raridade e sua forma curiosa de apresentação. Homem, 33 anos, manifestou dois quadros de acidentes vasculares cerebrais em 4 meses. Na investigação apresentou pressão arterial elevada com sopro sistólico discreto e fraqueza muscular (força grau 4 em membro superior direito e grau 3 em membro inferior direito). História mórbida de tumor testicular de células de Sertoli há 7 anos com orquiectomia bilateral. História familiar sem particularidades. Na investigação, evidenciaram-se sobrecarga atrial esquerda ao eletrocardiograma e massa tumoral pedunculada compatível com mixoma atrial esquerdo ao ecocardiograma transesofágico. Foi configurada síndrome de Carney pela presença de dois critérios maiores, e o paciente foi submetido à atriotomia esquerda, com ressecção da massa tumoral e confirmação anatomopatológica. A curiosa apresentação do caso recorda que, diante de um caso de acidente vascular cerebral em paciente jovem, a suspeita clínica seja direcionada a causas mais raras. O complexo de Carney esporádico é raro, dificultando ainda mais a elucidação.

Carney complex is a rare form of autosomal dominant multiple endocrine neoplasia familial. Changing skin pigmentation and mucos, primary pigmented nodular adrenal disease, cardiac and cutaneous myxomas, functioning pituitary adenomas, testicular cancer, thyroid adenoma or carcinoma is associated, and ovarian cysts. Approximately 70% of individuals diagnosed with Carney complex have affected parents and 30% have sporadically. The aim of this study was to report a case of sporadic Carney complex due to cardiac myxoma and testicular tumor. We emphasized the importance of the case for its rarity and curious form of presentation. Man, 33, showed two episodes of strokes in 4 months. In research presented high blood pressure with mild systolic murmur and muscle weakness (grade 4 strengthin the right arm and grade 3 in the right lower limb). Morbid history of testicular Sertoli cell tumor 7 years ago with bilateral orchiectomy. No special family history. On investigation, left atrial enlargement and was evident on the electrocardiogram, and transesophageal echocardiogram revealed the presence of pedunculated tumor mass setting a left atrial myxoma. Carney's syndrome was characterized by the existence of two major criteria and patient underwent left atriotomy with resection of the tumor mass and anatomic-pathologic confirmation. The curious case presentation reminded us that before a case of stroke in a young patient should direct the clinical suspicion for rarer causes. The Carney complex sporadic is rare, yet difficult to elucidate.

Factors associated with reporting of abuse against children and adolescents by nurses within Primary Health Care / Fatores associados à notificação de maus-tratos em crianças e adolescentes realizada por enfermeiros na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Factores asociados a la notificación del maltrato en niños y adolescentes realizada por enfermeros en la Atención Primaria a la Salud

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the factors associated with the underreporting on the part of nurses within Primary Health Care of abuse against children and adolescents. METHOD: cross-sectional study with 616 nurses. A questionnaire addressed socio-demographic data, profession, instrumentation and knowledge on the topic, identification and reporting of abuse cases. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used. RESULTS: female nurses, aged between 21 and 32 years old, not married, with five or more years since graduation, with graduate studies, and working for five or more years in PHC predominated. The final regression model showed that factors such as working for five or more years, having a reporting form within the PHC unit, and believing that reporting within Primary Health Care is an advantage, facilitate reporting. CONCLUSION: the study's results may, in addition to sensitizing nurses, support management professionals in establishing strategies intended to produce compliance with reporting as a legal device that ensures the rights of children and adolescents. .

OBJETIVO: analisar os fatores associados à notificação de maus-tratos em crianças e adolescentes, realizada por enfermeiros que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, realizado com 616 enfermeiros. Foi utilizado um questionário contendo dados sociodemográficos, formação profissional, instrumentação e conhecimento sobre o tema, identificação e notificação de casos de maus-tratos. Análises bivariada e multivariada por regressão logística foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: predominaram enfermeiros do sexo feminino, na faixa etária entre 21 e 32 anos, não casados, com cinco ou mais anos de formado, com pós-graduação e com cinco ou mais anos de trabalho. O modelo logístico final evidenciou que fatores como tempo de trabalho de cinco ou mais anos, a unidade de saúde possuir a ficha de notificação, saber para onde encaminhar os casos, não ter medo de envolvimento legal e achar vantajosa a notificação na atenção primária facilitam a efetivação do ato notificatório. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados desta pesquisa, além de sensibilizar os enfermeiros para o problema, poderão ser utilizados pelos profissionais da gestão na orientação de estratégias para o cumprimento da notificação como dispositivo legal de garantia dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes. .

OBJETIVO: analizar los factores asociados a la notificación de maltrato en niños y adolescentes realizado por enfermeros que actúan en la Atención Primaria a la Salud. MÉTODO: estudio transversal realizado con 616 enfermeros. Fue utilizado un cuestionario conteniendo datos sociodemográficos, formación profesional, instrumentación y conocimiento sobre el tema, identificación, y notificación de casos de maltrato. Análisis bivariado y multivariado por regresión logística. RESULTADOS: predominaron enfermeros del sexo femenino, en la franja etaria de 21 a 32 años, no casados, con cinco o más años de graduación, con postgraduación y con cinco o más años de trabajo. El modelo logístico final evidenció que factores como tiempo de trabajo de cinco o más años, la unidad de salud poseer ficha de notificación, saber para donde encaminar los casos, no tener miedo de involucramiento legal y encontrar ventaja en la notificación en la atención primaria, son aspectos que facilitan la efectividad del acto de la notificación. CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados de esta investigación, además de sensibilizar a los enfermeros para el problema, podrán ser utilizados por profesionales de la gestión en la orientación de estrategias para el cumplimiento de la notificación como dispositivo legal de garantía de los derechos de niños y adolescentes. .

A differential diagnosis of inherited endocrine tumors and their tumor counterparts

Inherited endocrine tumors have been increasingly recognized in clinical practice, although some difficulties still exist in differentiating these conditions from their sporadic endocrine tumor counterparts. Here, we list the 12 main topics that could add helpful information and clues for performing an early differential diagnosis to distinguish between these conditions. The early diagnosis of patients with inherited endocrine tumors may be performed either clinically or by mutation analysis in at-risk individuals. Early detection usually has a large impact in tumor management, allowing preventive clinical or surgical therapy in most cases. Advice for the clinical and surgical management of inherited endocrine tumors is also discussed. In addition, recent clinical and genetic advances for 17 different forms of inherited endocrine tumors are briefly reviewed.

Narrowing the gap of personalized medicine in emerging countries: the case of multiple endocrine neoplasias in Brazil

The finished version of the human genome sequence was completed in 2003, and this event initiated a revolution in medical practice, which is usually referred to as the age of genomic or personalized medicine. Genomic medicine aims to be predictive, personalized, preventive, and also participative (4Ps). It offers a new approach to several pathological conditions, although its impact so far has been more evident in mendelian diseases. This article briefly reviews the potential advantages of this approach, and also some issues that may arise in the attempt to apply the accumulated knowledge from genomic medicine to clinical practice in emerging countries. The advantages of applying genomic medicine into clinical practice are obvious, enabling prediction, prevention, and early diagnosis and treatment of several genetic disorders. However, there are also some issues, such as those related to: (a) the need for approval of a law equivalent to the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, which was approved in 2008 in the USA; (b) the need for private and public funding for genetics and genomics; (c) the need for development of innovative healthcare systems that may substantially cut costs (e.g. costs of periodic medical followup); (d) the need for new graduate and postgraduate curricula in which genomic medicine is emphasized; and (e) the need to adequately inform the population and possible consumers of genetic testing, with reference to the basic aspects of genomic medicine.

G691S/S904S polymorphism in the RET protooncogene of a 25-year-old medical student with bilateral pheochromocytoma.

The case of a 25-year-old medical student with bilateral pheochromocytoma is described. Following diagnostic testing, tumors were surgically removed. Genetic analysis revealed that the patient is a heterozygote with the following mutations on opposite homologs: G691S (exon 11) and S904S (TCC-TCG, exon 15), suggesting the diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN2A). A diagnosis of MEN2 would be an indication of thyroidectomy in this patient. Although this mutation is described in the literature, it has no known connection to pheochromocytomas. Therefore, it is unknown whether there is a causal connection between the G691S genotype and the pheochromocytomas in this patient. If so, G691S is to be added to the list of genotypes causing MEN2A. Here, the procedure of sequencing the RET protooncogene is described and a possible association between the G691S genotype and MEN2A is discussed.

Hypercalcitoninemia is not pathognomonic of medullary thyroid carcinoma: [revision]

Hypercalcitoninemia has frequently been reported as a marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Currently, calcitonin measurements are mostly useful in the evaluation of tumor size and progression, and as an index of biochemical improvement of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Although measurement of calcitonin is a highly sensitive method for the detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma, it presents a low specificity for this tumor. Several physiologic and pathologic conditions other than medullary thyroid carcinoma have been associated with increased levels of calcitonin. Several cases of thyroid nodules associated with increased values of calcitonin are not medullary thyroid carcinomas, but rather are related to other conditions, such as hypercalcemias, hypergastrinemias, neuroendocrine tumors, renal insufficiency, papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas, and goiter. Furthermore, prolonged treatment with omeprazole (> 2-4 months), beta-blockers, glucocorticoids and potential secretagogues, have been associated with hypercalcitoninemia. An association between calcitonin levels and chronic auto-immune thyroiditis remains controversial. Patients with calcitonin levels >100 pg/mL have a high risk for medullary thyroid carcinoma (~90%-100%), whereas patients with values from 10 to 100 pg/mL (normal values: <8.5 pg/mL for men, < 5.0 pg/mL for women; immunochemiluminometric assay) have a <25% risk for medullary thyroid carcinoma. In multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), RET mutation analysis is the gold-standard for the recommendation of total preventivethyroidectomy to relatives at risk of harboring a germline RET mutation (50%). False-positive calcitonin results within MEN2 families have led to incorrect indications of preventive total thyroidectomy to RET mutation negative relatives. In this review, we focus on the differential diagnosis of hypercalcitoninemia, underlining its importance for the avoidance of misdiagnosis...

Neoplasia endocrina múltiple atípica presentación de un caso / Atypical multiple endocrine neoplasia: a case presentation

Las neoplasias endocrinas múltiples constituyen síndromes con herencia autosómica dominante en los cuales hay afectación tumoral de 2 o más glándulas endocrinas, agrupadas según la afectación glandular en grupos: 1, 2A, 2B y las mixtas. Presentamos una paciente atendida en el INEN, del sexo femenino, de 44 años de edad, que a los 24 años fue operada de adenoma bronquial tipo carcinoide, 11 años más tarde fue intervenida quirúrgicamente por carcinoma medular del tiroides, y 7 años después comienza con aumento de volumen de las manos y los pies, por lo que ingresa en nuestro servicio donde se le diagnostica un adenoma hipofisario productor de GH, un tumor de la pineal, así como un tumor cromafín del riñón derecho. Dada la atipicidad del cuadro, y por no haber encontrado en la literatura revisada casos similares, consideramos oportuna su presentación(AU)

Multiple endocrine neoplasm are syndromes with autosomal dominant inheritance, where there is tumoral involvement of two or more endoce glands, grouped by glandular afection as: 1, 2A, 2B, and mixed. Case of a female patient, aged 44 seen in National Institute of Endocrinology (NIEN) and that when she aged 24 was operted on by a carcinoid bronchial adenoma, eleven year after she showed a increase in hands and feets volumen and is admissed in our service and is diagnosed as HG-producer hypophyseal adenoma, a tumor of pineal gland as well as a chromaffin tumor in right kidney. Due to atypical picture, and the lack of similar cases in reviewed literature, we considered appropriate its presentation(AU)

Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease associated with Carney complex: case report and literature review

CONTEXT: Carney complex (CNC), a familial multiple neoplasm syndrome with dominant autosomal transmission, is characterized by tumors of the heart, skin, endocrine and peripheral nervous system, and also cutaneous lentiginosis. This is a rare syndrome and its main endocrine manifestation, primary pigmented nodular adrenal disease (PPNAD), is an uncommon cause of adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent Cushing's syndrome. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 20-year-old patient with a history of weight gain, hirsutism, acne, secondary amenorrhea and facial lentiginosis. Following the diagnosing of CNC and PPNAD, the patient underwent laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy, and she evolved with decreasing hypercortisolism. Screening was also performed for other tumors related to this syndrome. The diagnostic criteria, screening and follow-up for patients and affected family members are discussed.

CONTEXTO: O complexo de Carney (CNC), uma síndrome de neoplasia múltipla familiar com transmissão autossômica dominante, caracteriza-se por tumores cardíacos, cutâneos, endócrinos e do sistema nervoso periférico, além de lentiginose cutânea. RELATO DE CASO: Devido à raridade da síndrome, bem como de sua principal manifestação endócrina, a doença adrenal nodular pigmentada primária (PPNAD), causa incomum de síndrome de Cushing ACTH-independente, relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 20 anos com história de ganho de peso, hirsutismo, acne, amenorréia secundária e lentiginose em face. Após estabelecido o diagnóstico de CNC e PPNAD, a paciente foi submetida a adrenalectomia bilateral via laparoscópica, evoluindo com melhora do hipercortisolismo. Também foi realizado rastreamento para os demais tumores relacionados à síndrome. Serão discutidos os critérios diagnósticos, o rastreamento e o acompanhamento dos pacientes e familiares afetados.

Complexo de Carney: relato de um caso e revisão da literatura / Carney complex: a case report and literature review

Complexo de Carney (CNC) pode ser definido como uma forma de neoplasia endócrina múltipla familial associada a alteração de pigmentação cutânea e de mucosa, doença nodular pigmentosa primária das adrenais, mixomas cardíacos e cutâneos, adenomas hipofisários produtores de GH e PRL, neoplasia testicular, adenoma ou carcinoma de tireóide, além de cistos ovarianos. CNC tem herança autossômica dominante e possui manifestações clínicas que são, em alguns aspectos, similares às da síndrome de McCune-Albright. Recentemente, genes envolvidos na via de sinalização dependente de AMPc foram implicados na etiologia do CNC. Vamos apresentar, inicialmente, um caso de um paciente masculino de 17 anos com doença adrenal nodular pigmentosa, lentiginose facial e osteoporose severa. A seguir, procuramos analisar os aspectos clínicos e a genética molecular do CNC, assim como descrever os critérios diagnósticos e recomendações para o seguimento.

A Typical Korean Case Of Carney Complex

Carney complex is a multiple neoplasia syndrome, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, that is characterized by lentigines, cardiac myxoma, and numerous endocrine and other tumors, including primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease. Here, we describe a typical case of Carney complex in a 27- year-old female who exhibited spotty skin pigmentation on the lips, oral mucosa, fingers, and toes and several manifestations of Cushing's syndrome due to primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease. She also had pituitary adenoma, breast tumor and thyroid nodule. Only a few cases of this disorder have been reported in the Korean literature. All of them, however, had only two components of Carney complex: composed of skin pigmentation and primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease. Therefore, the present case seems to be the first true case of Carney complex reported in Korea.

Neoplasias endocrinas múltiples: un modelo clínico para aplicar técnicas de genética molecular / Multiple endocrine neoplasia: a clinical model for testing molecular genetic techniques

Multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN) are syndromes inherited as autosomal dominant. The application of the techniques of molecular biology has made possible the identification of the genes causing MEN 1 and 2. The gene responsable for MEN 1 belongs to the family of tumor suppressor genes and encodes for a protein named MENIN whose function remains to be elucidated. The identification of mutant MEN 1 gene carriers who are at risk of developing this syndrome requires frequent biochemical screening for the development of endocrine tumors. MEN 2 is a consequence of mutations in the Ret proto- oncogene (c-Ret). This gene encodes for a tyrosine kinase receptor thought to play a role in the development of neural crest- derived tissue. Members of kindred with either MEN 2A or MEN 2B should be screened by direct DNA testing early in life for mutations in c-Ret. Those with the mutation should be advised to have thyroidectomy at five years of age in children with MEN 2A and earlier in children with MEN 2B . Some cases of sporadic MTC are actually MEN 2A or Familial MTC after c-Ret testing is done, therefore routine application of this test is recommended in all cases of apparent sporadic MTC

Diagnóstico molecular de la neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2B en un caso de novo con la mutación 918 en el oncogen ret / Molecular diagnosis of de novo 918 mutation of ret oncogne in a case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B

Introducción. La neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2B (NEM2B) es un síndrome con carácter dominante hereditario que se caracteriza por el desarrollo de diversas neoplasias de origen neuroendocrino en distintos órganos, tales como carcinoma medular de tiroides (CMT), feocromocitomas, neuromas mucosales, ganglioneuromas del aparato gastrointestinal, también se observan anormalidades esqueléticas y oftálmicas. En más de 95 por ciento de los casos, este padecimiento se asocia con una mutación puntual específica en el dominio tirosina cinasa del proto-oncogen ret, en el codón 918 (METÕTHR), la cual surge de novo en 50 por ciento de los pacientes. Material y métodos. El probando fue un paciente masculino de 19 años de edad sin antecedentes de importancia para la enfermedad y que inició su padecimiento a los 5 años con neuromas submucosos en lengua y labios, así como habitus marfanoide que se acentuó a los 19 años. Determinándose la presencia de la mutación mencionada anteriormente en el DNA de leucocitos de sangre periférica y de carcinoma medular de tiroides de este paciente afectado por NEM2B y se realizó la búsqueda de la misma en leucocitos de sus familiares. Resultados. Los elevados niveles séricos de calcitonina basal (600 pg/mL) sugirieron, además del aspecto clínico y evolución, que el paciente era portador de NEM2B. El estudio histopatológico de tiroides reveló la presencia de CTM clásico. Al estudio del DNA de células de sangre periférica se observó una banda extra sugiriendo que contenía una mutación. Se confirmó la presencia de la mutación ATGÕACG en el codón 918. Conclusión. Al no encontrarse la mutación en los familiares del paciente sugiere que ésta surgió de novo en etapas tempranas del desarrollo embrionario.

Crisis hipertensiva por punción biopsia de feocromocitoma adrenal: a propósito de un caso / Acute hipertensive crisis due to percutaneous punction of unsuspected pheochromocytoma: case report

Se trata de paciente varón adulto que sufrió una crisis hipertensiva por la punción biopsia de un incidentaloma suprarrenal. Era portador de una neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo IIA (NEM IIA). Se debe descartar bioquímicamente un feocromocitoma antes de efectuar procedimientos invasivos y eventualmente realizarla con alfa bloqueantes para evitar aquella eventualidad

Paraganglioma timpánico y adenoma hipofisiario: ¿Nueva variedad de neoplasia endócrina múltiple tipo I? / Tympanic paraganglioma and hypophysiary adenoma. a new variant of type I multiple endocrine neoplasm?

Se reporta el caso de una paciente con presentación simultánea de paraganglioma timpánico y adenoma hipofisiario. Esta asociación puede representar una variedad del síndrome de neoplasia endócrina múltiple (NEM) tipo I que no ha sido descrita. Los paragangliomas timpánicos están embriológicamente relacionados a los feocromocitomas que pueden formar parte del síndrome de NEW tipo II. Los paragangliomas y los adenomas hipofisiarios se derivan de la cresta neural y pueden corresponder al síndrome de NEW tipo II y tipo y tipo I respectivamente. Estos tumores se presentan con un patrón de herancia autosómico dominante, y se ha reportado que ocurre cierta sobreposición entre los tumores del síndrome de NEM Tipo I y Tipo II

Diagnostico precoz de neoplasia endocrina multiple tipo 2 (MEN 2) por la deteccion de portadores de mutaciones en el proto-oncogen RET / Early diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 by detection of matated RET proto-oncogene carriers

El MEN 2 es un síndrome hereditario autosómico dominante, en el cual mutaciones del RET dan origen a tres fenotipos diferentes: carcinoma medular de tiroides familiar (CMTF), MEN 2A y MEN 2B. La identificación de mutaciones en el proto-oncogen RET predice el desarrollo de la enfermedad antes de las evidencias clínicas y bioquímicas. En este trabajo se identificaron portadores del RET por caracterización de mutaciones en pacientes y sus familiares. Se estudiaron 21 familias con CMTF (5 y 6 miembros), 4 con MEN 2A (dos de 5, una de 4 y otra de 3 miembros) y 2 con MEN 2B (5 y 1 miembros). Se obtuvieron muestras de ADN de sangre, en todos los casos y de tejido de feocromocitoma y/o tejido tiroideo en los operados. Se utilizó PCR para amplificar los exones 10, 11 y 16 con oligonucleótidos específicos, realizándose secuenciación directa de los fragmentos. En las familias con CMTF y con MEN 2A se encontraron mutaciones en el codón 634 del exón 11 en 16 sujetos, dectándose 9 casos con la mutación TGC r CGC (cisteína a arginina), 3 con TGC r TAC (cisteína a tirosina) y 4 con TGC r TTC (cisteína a fenilalanina). En los pacientes con MEN 2 B se encontró una mutación en el codón 918 del exón 16 ATG r ACG (meitonina a treonina). En tejido tumoral se detectó la misma mutación que en sangre periférica. El diagnóstico de MEN 2 fue confirmado en los 8 pacientes y detectado en 10 familiares. En los 5 portadores tiroidectomizados se encontró hiperplasia de células C o microcarcinoma in situ en 2 niños (9 y 12 años) y CMT en 3 adultos. La detección temprana de mutaciones del RET, especialmente en familiares seguida por tiroidectomía total, podría prevenir el desarrollo de CMT, modificado el desenlace fatal que ocurre cuando es diagnosticado tardíamente.